Technical guide with a fullnode

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This document guides you through the creation, deployment and usage of smart contracts on Alephium mainnet.

We will first deploy a contract which allows any user to exchange ALPH for tokens. Then we will deploy a script which calls the contract to buy tokens.

This document is based on the Chinese smart contract tutorial and documentation by Lbqds.

Requirements

For this tutorial you will need to have a node running locally and a wallet. Here are the related tutorials:

• How to launch your node
• How to setup a wallet

We will use a wallet named demo-1 in this tutorial.

Create and deploy a token contract

In this section we will create, build, sign and submit a contract transaction.

Create a token Contract

First, we create a token contract as shown below:

TxContract MyToken(owner: Address, mut remain: U256) {
  pub payable fn buy(from: Address, alphAmount: U256) -> () {
    let tokenAmount = alphAmount * 1000
    assert!(remain >= tokenAmount)
    let tokenId = selfTokenId!()
    transferAlph!(from, owner, alphAmount)
    transferTokenFromSelf!(from, tokenId, tokenAmount)
    remain = remain - tokenAmount
  }
}

This simple token contract allows users to buy tokens by paying ALPH to the contract owner at a rate 1:1000. It uses the following built-in functions:

• assert!(pred) Causes the contract execution to fail when pred evaluates to false
• selfTokenId!(a) Returns the current token id which is also the current contract id
• transferAlph!(from, to, alphAmount) Transfers alphAmountALPH from address from to to.
• transferTokenFromSelf!(to, tokenId, tokenAmount) Transfers tokenAmount tokens of MyToken to address to.

Note: The remain variable is not necessary but helps understanding state variables of the contract. We will explain how the contract state is stored later.

Compile a Contract

Next we compile the contract via the full node API.

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/contracts/compile-contract' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "code": "TxContract MyToken(owner: Address, mut remain: U256) {\n  pub payable fn buy(from: Address, alphAmount: U256) -> () {\n    let tokenAmount = alphAmount * 1000\n    assert!(remain >= tokenAmount)\n    let tokenId = selfTokenId!()\n    transferAlph!(from, owner, alphAmount)\n    transferTokenFromSelf!(from, tokenId, tokenAmount)\n    remain = remain - tokenAmount\n  }\n}"
}'

We receive the binary code of the contract as a response:

{
  "compiled": {
    "type": "SimpleContractByteCode",
    "bytecode": "0201402c01010204001616011343e82c1702a0011602344db117031600a0001601a7160016031602aba00116022ba101"
  },
  "fields": {
    "signature": "TxContract MyToken(owner:Address,mut remain:U256)",
    "types": ["Address", "U256"]
  },
  "functions": [
    {
      "name": "buy",
      "signature": "pub payable buy(from:Address,alphAmount:U256)->()",
      "argTypes": ["Address", "U256"],
      "returnTypes": []
    }
  ],
  "events": []
}

Build an unsigned contract transaction

Now we need to create the contract transaction. First we obtain the publicKey of the address currently in use. We use address 1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG.

curl 'http://127.0.0.1:12973/wallets/demo-1/addresses/1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG'

We obtain the following response:

{
  "address": "1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG",
  "publicKey": "029347489f53e7050e5c7edb5ef305d33316772836370750ff747eb6dc3f5f47f1",
  "group": 3,
  "path": "m/44'/1234'/0'/0/0"
}

Then we build the contract transaction.

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/contracts/unsigned-tx/build-contract' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "fromPublicKey": "029347489f53e7050e5c7edb5ef305d33316772836370750ff747eb6dc3f5f47f1",
  "bytecode": "0201402c01010204001616011343e82c1702a0011602344db117031600a0001601a7160016031602aba00116022ba101",
  "initialFields": [{"type": "Address", "value": "1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG"}, {"type": "U256", "value": "10000000000000000000000000000"}],
  "issueTokenAmount": "10000000000000000000000000000"
}'

The parameters are:

• fromPublicKey Public key from the address currently in use
• bytecode Contract binary code
• initialFields List of initial state variables passed to the contract constructor
• issueTokenAmount The total number of tokens issued by the contract

We get the following response:

{
  "group": 3,
  "unsignedTx": "000401010101000000081500bae81fae7fc67d18210b938e31e12d43c48cd9f89668957c7a5fd3e0e57f36e313c1e8d4a51000a21440300201402c01010204001616011343e82c1702a0011602344db117031600a0001601a7160016031602aba00116022ba101144031020400bae81fae7fc67d18210b938e31e12d43c48cd9f89668957c7a5fd3e0e57f36e302c8204fce5e3e2502611000000013c8204fce5e3e25026110000000ae1880013880c1174876e80001adcf9eb78826cef24403641dea9e899dbbcfc7007c21e0ff46a76189d04a830986eb7c9e00029347489f53e7050e5c7edb5ef305d33316772836370750ff747eb6dc3f5f47f100",
  "gasAmount": 57222,
  "gasPrice": "100000000000",
  "txId": "a8fa7a28618fd361fc7d8f2ad51c772ef561406ffe4a8b4fe1a5e68e84e2a4e2",
  "contractAddress": "2AKg3eFfeBANTSc1RPH4FUho8KrrzMdKMCiXeBc2X3taP"
}

Sign a contract

Next, we sign the previously obtained transaction hash.

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/wallets/demo-1/sign' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "data": "a8fa7a28618fd361fc7d8f2ad51c772ef561406ffe4a8b4fe1a5e68e84e2a4e2"
}'

The response contains the signature.

{
  "signature": "77373aeac77ca269169faada8a2f3f60301a4a0fe0f0a5d96d0c8c5551a176f140e7526662f7dbbe58b3294fcc63eac269f74e289da62c95ab8149728eb317af"
}

Submit a contract

Finally we submit the contract transaction to the Alephium network.

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/transactions/submit' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "unsignedTx": "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",
  "signature": "77373aeac77ca269169faada8a2f3f60301a4a0fe0f0a5d96d0c8c5551a176f140e7526662f7dbbe58b3294fcc63eac269f74e289da62c95ab8149728eb317af"
}'

If the request is valid, a response similar to the following is returned.

{
  "txId": "a8fa7a28618fd361fc7d8f2ad51c772ef561406ffe4a8b4fe1a5e68e84e2a4e2",
  "fromGroup": 3,
  "toGroup": 3
}

In order to understand the contract creation process more clearly, let's take a look at the specific content of the above tx. Currently there is no friendly interface to examine the content of a transaction so we need fetch the block containing the transaction via the node API. (You can obtain the block hash of a transaction either via the explorer or the endpoint GET /transaction/status?txId={txId})

curl 'http://127.0.0.1:12973/blockflow/blocks/08041abb8bc8d06c6b840ceb345a4f8953a9fbf9c32c08be34a63c93fd8dfcdf \

We obtain a list of transactions (here we only show 2 out of 5 transactions for readability):

{
  "hash": "08041abb8bc8d06c6b840ceb345a4f8953a9fbf9c32c08be34a63c93fd8dfcdf",
  "timestamp": 1652689725997,
  "chainFrom": 3,
  "chainTo": 3,
  "height": 12,
  "deps": [
    "40d58f8563a6de46fa0efda4670aeb43a451b349d8af1403b341413d5010c0e0",
    "30b0c63cf62aa6cdc1c72e8fc2f31703b8318654b65acaaece48ee503da87845",
    "be73f0505c81184bc4691ee1ffeafaf7fbb091f412d500fc882aeecc8929e1fa",
    "8f8ddaeddfd21b003ad39dfd1d7c4593d7f63d2951aecd16de8a749edf26c23c",
    "6d258ca53dbe960adf19f899248e1d60c83ac65aac323a4ff195541b84ccfb4d",
    "4862925410e6951836bd8808b94a8492ca5d718ec642d375f170e5b3b8ca51ce",
    "c5a260997400e9512b6e1ca41c18653580e39ecdbd33c26f9ee971b6f2bb96cf"
  ],
  "transactions": [
    {
      "unsigned": {
        "txId": "a8fa7a28618fd361fc7d8f2ad51c772ef561406ffe4a8b4fe1a5e68e84e2a4e2",
        "version": 0,
        "networkId": 4,
        "scriptOpt": "010101000000081500bae81fae7fc67d18210b938e31e12d43c48cd9f89668957c7a5fd3e0e57f36e313c1e8d4a51000a21440300201402c01010204001616011343e82c1702a0011602344db117031600a0001601a7160016031602aba00116022ba101144031020400bae81fae7fc67d18210b938e31e12d43c48cd9f89668957c7a5fd3e0e57f36e302c8204fce5e3e2502611000000013c8204fce5e3e25026110000000ae18",
        "gasAmount": 57222,
        "gasPrice": "100000000000",
        "inputs": [
          {
            "outputRef": {
              "hint": -1378902345,
              "key": "8826cef24403641dea9e899dbbcfc7007c21e0ff46a76189d04a830986eb7c9e"
            },
            "unlockScript": "00029347489f53e7050e5c7edb5ef305d33316772836370750ff747eb6dc3f5f47f1"
          }
        ],
        "fixedOutputs": []
      },
      "scriptExecutionOk": true,
      "contractInputs": [],
      "generatedOutputs": [
        {
          "type": "ContractOutput",
          "hint": 585739684,
          "key": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
          "alphAmount": "1000000000000",
          "address": "2AKg3eFfeBANTSc1RPH4FUho8KrrzMdKMCiXeBc2X3taP",
          "tokens": [
            {
              "id": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
              "amount": "10000000000000000000000000000"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "AssetOutput",
          "hint": -1378902345,
          "key": "1d4b4f18b41e34e64d9e8fe6ee038ef8acaa8763f7b276b3b157120d393857bd",
          "alphAmount": "6499975998000000000000",
          "address": "1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG",
          "tokens": [],
          "lockTime": 0,
          "additionalData": ""
        }
      ],
      "inputSignatures": [
        "1def939243491d681b68790a2c0d906c50a3f3bef453cc47ca6822b669d6437c565af0ba9d7cd191cd99144f8fa07fe07effe6c3b21d4a9e9898d1a4eea3ae82"
      ],
      "scriptSignatures": []
    },
    {
      "unsigned": {
        "txId": "ee023aea5778fd390cc16dc2a706647c3490cf888ed90cfe4505257863e7fb31",
        "version": 0,
        "networkId": 4,
        "gasAmount": 20000,
        "gasPrice": "1000000000",
        "inputs": [],
        "fixedOutputs": [
          {
            "hint": -11128529,
            "key": "e895ec4b15e4b50e3c21e04f23dfa5e3ea424e8db92bb10d52c10b3761905665",
            "alphAmount": "1879000000000000000",
            "address": "17UjAgeAVixkYksn5snhQ4k1CpGAoBJmdsBNGdyHWqm4M",
            "tokens": [],
            "lockTime": 1652690325997,
            "additionalData": "030300000180cbfbea2d"
          }
        ]
      },
      "scriptExecutionOk": true,
      "contractInputs": [],
      "generatedOutputs": [],
      "inputSignatures": [],
      "scriptSignatures": []
    }
  ],
  "nonce": "c55b55079d5eb165ee7cc093ffde19f6867090621d16ef61",
  "version": 0,
  "depStateHash": "e500d692f7fe6daa400b81d4f78b300f78fbf926a20c03b51ada40b37f441ded",
  "txsHash": "72913f92b28be354026409f9b7c0d11e2b763c99de5bb0eeb1bd9a6b92aabee8",
  "target": "20ffffff"
}

We only focus on the transaction with id a8fa7a28618fd361fc7d8f2ad51c772ef561406ffe4a8b4fe1a5e68e84e2a4e2.

{
  "unsigned": {
    "txId": "a8fa7a28618fd361fc7d8f2ad51c772ef561406ffe4a8b4fe1a5e68e84e2a4e2",
    "version": 0,
    "networkId": 4,
    "scriptOpt": "010101000000081500bae81fae7fc67d18210b938e31e12d43c48cd9f89668957c7a5fd3e0e57f36e313c1e8d4a51000a21440300201402c01010204001616011343e82c1702a0011602344db117031600a0001601a7160016031602aba00116022ba101144031020400bae81fae7fc67d18210b938e31e12d43c48cd9f89668957c7a5fd3e0e57f36e302c8204fce5e3e2502611000000013c8204fce5e3e25026110000000ae18",
    "gasAmount": 57222,
    "gasPrice": "100000000000",
    "inputs": [
      {
        "outputRef": {
          "hint": -1378902345,
          "key": "8826cef24403641dea9e899dbbcfc7007c21e0ff46a76189d04a830986eb7c9e"
        },
        "unlockScript": "00029347489f53e7050e5c7edb5ef305d33316772836370750ff747eb6dc3f5f47f1"
      }
    ],
    "fixedOutputs": []
  },
  "scriptExecutionOk": true,
  "contractInputs": [],
  "generatedOutputs": [
    {
      "type": "ContractOutput",
      "hint": 585739684,
      "key": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
      "alphAmount": "1000000000000",
      "address": "2AKg3eFfeBANTSc1RPH4FUho8KrrzMdKMCiXeBc2X3taP",
      "tokens": [
        {
          "id": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
          "amount": "10000000000000000000000000000"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "type": "AssetOutput",
      "hint": -1378902345,
      "key": "1d4b4f18b41e34e64d9e8fe6ee038ef8acaa8763f7b276b3b157120d393857bd",
      "alphAmount": "6499975998000000000000",
      "address": "1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG",
      "tokens": [],
      "lockTime": 0,
      "additionalData": ""
    }
  ],
  "inputSignatures": [
    "1def939243491d681b68790a2c0d906c50a3f3bef453cc47ca6822b669d6437c565af0ba9d7cd191cd99144f8fa07fe07effe6c3b21d4a9e9898d1a4eea3ae82"
  ],
  "scriptSignatures": []
}

This transaction has one input and two outputs. Below is the description of the some fields:

• outputRef pointer to UTXO
• key UTXO hash
• type the type of the tx output, ContractOutput or AssetOutput
• address base58 encoding of the contract or asset address
• alphAmount the amount of ALPH owned by the address
• tokens list of tokens owned by the address
• tokens.id contract id
• tokens.amount the amount of tokens owned

The first output is the contract we just created. We see that the contract address owns 10000000000000000000000000000 tokens which is exactly the issueTokenAmount we previously defined.

The second output is the UTXO output of the transaction submitted by our address 1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG. This address doesn't own any tokens.

Create and deploy a script

Now that the contract has been successfully created, we will deploy a TxScript which calls the Mytoken.buy method to obtain tokens by paying ALPH to the contract. For this example, we will pay using address 1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h which is different than the one used to create the contract.

If you also want to pay with an address different than the one used to submit the contract, please make sure that your address belongs to the same group as the contract. You can obtain the contract group by checking the chainFrom field of its transaction block. In our example, the contract is in group 3, but it might be in a different group for you. You can verify the group of an address at endpoint GET addresses/{address}/group. If it is not the case, you can use POST/wallets/{wallet_name}/derive-next-address until you obtain an address in the correct group. As new addresses are initialized with balance 0, you should transfer some ALPH to this new address. Finally, change your active address at endpoint POST wallets/{wallet_name}/change-active-address.

Create a TxScript

We first create the TxScript to buy some tokens.

TxScript Main {
  pub payable fn main() -> () {
    approveAlph!(@1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h, 1000000000000000000)
    let contract = MyToken(#e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c)
    contract.buy(@1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h, 1000000000000000000)
  }
}

Here is a brief explanation of this code:

• approveAlph!(address, amount) authorizes the specified amount of ALPH from the address to be used in the script.
• The contract is loaded by its id
• Call MyToken.buy to buy 1000 tokens for 1 ALPH

The next steps are very similar to the previous sections. We will compile, build, sign and submit the script.

Compile a Script

We query the node API to compile the script to binary code. Make sure you append the source code of the MyToken contract after your TxScript code.

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/contracts/compile-script' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "code": "TxScript Main {\n  pub payable fn main() -> () {\n    approveAlph!(@1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h, 1000000000000000000)\n    let contract = MyToken(#e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c)\n    contract.buy(@1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h, 1000000000000000000)\n  }\n}\nTxContract MyToken(owner: Address, mut remain: U256) {\n  pub payable fn buy(from: Address, alphAmount: U256) -> () {\n    let tokenAmount = alphAmount * 1000\n    assert!(remain >= tokenAmount)\n    let tokenId = selfTokenId!()\n    transferAlph!(from, owner, alphAmount)\n    transferTokenFromSelf!(from, tokenId, tokenAmount)\n    remain = remain - tokenAmount\n  }\n}"
}'

A response similar to the following will be returned:

{
  "compiled": {
    "type": "SimpleScriptByteCode",
    "bytecode": "010101000100091500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a7640000a2144020e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c17001500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a764000016000100"
  },
  "functions": [
    {
      "name": "main",
      "signature": "pub payable main()->()",
      "argTypes": [],
      "returnTypes": []
    }
  ],
  "events": []
}

Build an unsigned script transaction

We first obtain the publicKey of the active address:

curl 'http://127.0.0.1:12973/wallets/demo-1/addresses/1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h'

We get a response similar to:

{
  "address": "1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h",
  "publicKey": "0203ff28b14840ee75f8e624ae4f35ae26c67e4e835975bbaac9a2046e622358d5",
  "group": 3,
  "path": "m/44'/1234'/0'/0/18"
}

Then we build the unsigned transaction:

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/contracts/unsigned-tx/build-script' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "fromPublicKey": "0203ff28b14840ee75f8e624ae4f35ae26c67e4e835975bbaac9a2046e622358d5",
  "bytecode": "010101000100091500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a7640000a2144020e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c17001500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a764000016000100"
}'

We obtain the following response:

{
  "unsignedTx": "000401010101000100091500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a7640000a2144020e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c17001500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a76400001600010080013880c1174876e80001174aa36169adea3987f239001301642efa3e74c5ec1f1f185d1ab24ca2032f8bbfd267c7000203ff28b14840ee75f8e624ae4f35ae26c67e4e835975bbaac9a2046e622358d500",
  "gasAmount": 42082,
  "gasPrice": "100000000000",
  "txId": "2fe9100b8ede85114a707314f9416ada97735b68a9db9693c7d7bbbf9326daf2",
  "group": 3
}

Sign a script

Next, we sign the transaction hash:

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/wallets/demo-1/sign' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "data": "2fe9100b8ede85114a707314f9416ada97735b68a9db9693c7d7bbbf9326daf2"
}'

And we receive the signature:

{
  "signature": "df4b2e61c81304b3f3d34dd1f193010ff0d82abe53edd403c636823b1f71247a4908e963cf7c89284a30315d89ec72b3637cf50f023a6f905cd0c4e3d3c9941c"
}

Submit a script

Finally we can submit the transaction.

curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://127.0.0.1:12973/transactions/submit' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "unsignedTx": "000401010101000100091500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a7640000a2144020e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c17001500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a76400001600010080013880c1174876e80001174aa36169adea3987f239001301642efa3e74c5ec1f1f185d1ab24ca2032f8bbfd267c7000203ff28b14840ee75f8e624ae4f35ae26c67e4e835975bbaac9a2046e622358d500",
  "signature": "df4b2e61c81304b3f3d34dd1f193010ff0d82abe53edd403c636823b1f71247a4908e963cf7c89284a30315d89ec72b3637cf50f023a6f905cd0c4e3d3c9941c"
}'

And we receive the txId and groups information:

{
  "txId": "2fe9100b8ede85114a707314f9416ada97735b68a9db9693c7d7bbbf9326daf2",
  "fromGroup": 3,
  "toGroup": 3
}

Again, we can find the transaction on the mainnet by query the block containing the transaction. We observe the following transaction content:

{
  "hash": "0f13b84553050263b173f3aa00386d3cc22863080d4b8642b4dcdfea15af0e6f",
  "timestamp": 1652700335564,
  "chainFrom": 3,
  "chainTo": 3,
  "height": 13,
  "deps": [
    "40d58f8563a6de46fa0efda4670aeb43a451b349d8af1403b341413d5010c0e0",
    "30b0c63cf62aa6cdc1c72e8fc2f31703b8318654b65acaaece48ee503da87845",
    "be73f0505c81184bc4691ee1ffeafaf7fbb091f412d500fc882aeecc8929e1fa",
    "8f8ddaeddfd21b003ad39dfd1d7c4593d7f63d2951aecd16de8a749edf26c23c",
    "6d258ca53dbe960adf19f899248e1d60c83ac65aac323a4ff195541b84ccfb4d",
    "4862925410e6951836bd8808b94a8492ca5d718ec642d375f170e5b3b8ca51ce",
    "08041abb8bc8d06c6b840ceb345a4f8953a9fbf9c32c08be34a63c93fd8dfcdf"
  ],
  "transactions": [
    {
      "unsigned": {
        "txId": "2fe9100b8ede85114a707314f9416ada97735b68a9db9693c7d7bbbf9326daf2",
        "version": 0,
        "networkId": 4,
        "scriptOpt": "010101000100091500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a7640000a2144020e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c17001500a095abc2f02eaf33573e17d9c5f6946da5903459f4e752146b847b3831a339c613c40de0b6b3a764000016000100",
        "gasAmount": 42082,
        "gasPrice": "100000000000",
        "inputs": [
          {
            "outputRef": {
              "hint": 390767457,
              "key": "69adea3987f239001301642efa3e74c5ec1f1f185d1ab24ca2032f8bbfd267c7"
            },
            "unlockScript": "000203ff28b14840ee75f8e624ae4f35ae26c67e4e835975bbaac9a2046e622358d5"
          }
        ],
        "fixedOutputs": []
      },
      "scriptExecutionOk": true,
      "contractInputs": [
        {
          "hint": 585739684,
          "key": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c"
        }
      ],
      "generatedOutputs": [
        {
          "type": "AssetOutput",
          "hint": -1378902345,
          "key": "68e0b6a089ce4f6abd47d818e9accf5a88ac7714fef4eaa5b9a9d2099e5ad726",
          "alphAmount": "1000000000000000000",
          "address": "1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG",
          "tokens": [],
          "lockTime": 0,
          "additionalData": ""
        },
        {
          "type": "AssetOutput",
          "hint": 390767457,
          "key": "a11564f890f1cd3108834e0664dc1f97424cb7e1be4b68982a921a8fa2099846",
          "alphAmount": "498992000000000000000",
          "address": "1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h",
          "tokens": [
            {
              "id": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
              "amount": "1000000000000000000000"
            }
          ],
          "lockTime": 0,
          "additionalData": ""
        },
        {
          "type": "ContractOutput",
          "hint": 585739684,
          "key": "9f8296350b307d98914e54d748d1cef42293c277f57d3ad98b309c28edc5cdf8",
          "alphAmount": "1000000000000",
          "address": "2AKg3eFfeBANTSc1RPH4FUho8KrrzMdKMCiXeBc2X3taP",
          "tokens": [
            {
              "id": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
              "amount": "9999999000000000000000000000"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "inputSignatures": [
        "df4b2e61c81304b3f3d34dd1f193010ff0d82abe53edd403c636823b1f71247a4908e963cf7c89284a30315d89ec72b3637cf50f023a6f905cd0c4e3d3c9941c"
      ],
      "scriptSignatures": []
    },
    {
      "unsigned": {
        "txId": "d9468e7b33300cb2824147166c5ee441e3865f4bc23563e54aff117810a290fa",
        "version": 0,
        "networkId": 4,
        "gasAmount": 20000,
        "gasPrice": "1000000000",
        "inputs": [],
        "fixedOutputs": [
          {
            "hint": 17786109,
            "key": "e19b512d57dab97c48d2352485abe76c6707c32dc7f308e4ca0051f40f2d2228",
            "alphAmount": "1879000000000000000",
            "address": "19Sxx6RVyenkDovv6LiMW2ymxP2UfxmvGZGhmNcxq5jqX",
            "tokens": [],
            "lockTime": 1652700935564,
            "additionalData": "030300000180cc9dcdcc"
          }
        ]
      },
      "scriptExecutionOk": true,
      "contractInputs": [],
      "generatedOutputs": [],
      "inputSignatures": [],
      "scriptSignatures": []
    }
  ],
  "nonce": "5c694b2fc6f235ff20bc02661ab3724b06e2d3ae92c97d47",
  "version": 0,
  "depStateHash": "74e3cb156bebf185dee4c3160841d1cfc812bf17be1a81744fbca18a0fefff79",
  "txsHash": "73a5c883b253ef17faa935fe8edacf1ba9690f2d543dd206042b69e06170e631",
  "target": "20ffffff"
}

We can see that there is a contract input, with the outputRef.key pointing to the contract we created earlier.

"contractInputs": [
  {
    "hint": 585739684,
    "key": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c"
  }
]

This time we have three outputs: two assets and a contract. The first output is the new UTXO for the 1 ALPH payed to the contract owner.

{
  "type": "AssetOutput",
  "hint": -1378902345,
  "key": "68e0b6a089ce4f6abd47d818e9accf5a88ac7714fef4eaa5b9a9d2099e5ad726",
  "alphAmount": "1000000000000000000",
  "address": "1Dac89UqoyQ7NPvuoX5cnYDp44UQDDEo4iMrYQwToqiRG",
  "tokens": [],
  "lockTime": 0,
  "additionalData": ""
}

The second output is a new UTXO equivalent to the change of the consumed UTXOs for the payment to the contract owner. Additionnally, The first item in the tokens list corresponds to the tokens we just bought! The id corresponds to the one of our contract.

{
  "type": "AssetOutput",
  "hint": 390767457,
  "key": "a11564f890f1cd3108834e0664dc1f97424cb7e1be4b68982a921a8fa2099846",
  "alphAmount": "498992000000000000000",
  "address": "1Borbt3zgchtQyrTrLxhUeAknP4cxYqYkNQUrth5V7U6h",
  "tokens": [
    {
      "id": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
      "amount": "1000000000000000000000"
    }
  ],
  "lockTime": 0,
  "additionalData": ""
}

The third output is the contract after the exchange. We observe that the amount of tokens changed from 10000000000000000000000000000 to 9999999000000000000000000000. The difference is equivalent to the amount of tokens we bought.

{
  "type": "ContractOutput",
  "hint": 585739684,
  "key": "9f8296350b307d98914e54d748d1cef42293c277f57d3ad98b309c28edc5cdf8",
  "alphAmount": "1000000000000",
  "address": "2AKg3eFfeBANTSc1RPH4FUho8KrrzMdKMCiXeBc2X3taP",
  "tokens": [
    {
      "id": "e847a0a9212bcdc07ddc1b74526c0523f11042e13330c9d889e4bc16f74e084c",
      "amount": "9999999000000000000000000000"
    }
  ]
}

Congratulations! You have deployed and used your first smart contract on Alephium! 🚀

Contract State

From the previous sections, we can see that:

• When a contract is created, a contract output will be generated regardless of whether a token is issued or not. If a token is issued, there will be an initial number of tokens in the output tokens list.
• Calling the contract will consume the contract output and generate a new contract output. In the above example, we can see that the contract output generated when the contract is created is consumed, and then a new contract output is generated.
• Calling the contract may also modify the state of the contract. In the above example, it will be modified after calling MyToken.buy.

Let's take a look at what the contract state specifically includes:

final case class ContractState private (
    codeHash: Hash,
    initialStateHash: Hash,
    fields: AVector[Val],
    contractOutputRef: ContractOutputRef
)

where the fields are:

• codeHash: The hash of the contract code.
• initialStateHash: The hash of the initial contract state
• fields: Vector of state values. AVector(owner, remain) in the MyToken example.
• contractOutputRef: Pointer to contract output

The process of calling and changing the state of the contract is roughly as follows:

1. Load the contract state from the WorldState, which is a storage for UTXOs, smart contracts state and code.
2. Load contract output pointed by contractOutputRef according to the contract state (executed when method is payable)
3. When the contract execution involves modifications of the contract state, the contract state in WorldState will be updated
4. If the contract generates a new contract output, the contract state will be updated and the old contract output will be deleted

In addition, we will briefly mention the errors and solutions that may be encountered when creating and calling contracts:

• NotEnoughBalance: This can only be solved by obtaining mining rewards or transfers by others.
• OutOfGas: The default gas is relatively small and it is usually not enough when creating and calling contracts, so it is generally necessary to manually specify the gas consumed.
• AmountIsDustOrZero: In order to avoid being attacked, the system will reject outputs with too small amount. If you want to know more, please refer to here.

Interested people can try to create various contracts on the mainnet and migrate ETH applications to Alephium.